Evaluation of Alternative-to-Gas Chlorination Disinfection Technologies in the Treatment of Maltese Potable Water

For years, gas chlorination has been the adopted disinfection technology in treatment of Maltese potable water. Despite its strong bacterial inactivation potential, traditional generates high free chlorine residual and by-products that compromise sensory attributes drinking water deter population from consuming it. We have identified plausible alternative-to-gas-chlorination technologies for treatment, with aim (a) reducing disinfectant and/or dose used microbial inactivation, (b) attenuating negative impact putative on water’s organolepsis, while safeguarding safe-for-consumption characteristics. subjected ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation, hydrodynamic cavitation (HC), ClO2 generation, electrochlorination (NaClO) to bacteriological physicochemical bench-scale studies assess their efficacy by-product generation propensity, respectively. All tested except HC achieved a minimum 3 Log10 NaClO appearing more effective over neutral alkaline pH conditions, In addition, we synergistic effects UVC Enterococcus faecalis stemming enhancement oxidative stress. Moderate reductions total dissolved solid content Ca2+ hardness also emerged following prolonged cavitation. feasibility studies, performance was further evaluated areas: implementation, practicality, (c) adaptability, (d) integration, (e) environment sustainability, (f) cost effect. Electrochemical as most promising on-site work, followed by UVC.